Box model

# 8 Box model

Contents

The CSS box model describes the rectangular boxes that are generated for elements in the document tree and laid out according to the visual formatting model.

## 8.1 Box dimensions

Each box has a content area (e.g., text, an image, etc.) and optional surrounding padding, border, and margin areas; the size of each area is specified by properties defined below. The following diagram shows how these areas relate and the terminology used to refer to pieces of margin, border, and padding:

The margin, border, and padding can be broken down into top, right, bottom, and left segments (e.g., in the diagram, "LM" for left margin, "RP" for right padding, "TB" for top border, etc.).

The perimeter of each of the four areas (content, padding, border, and margin) is called an "edge", so each box has four edges:

content edge or inner edge
  The content edge surrounds the element's rendered content.
padding edge
  The padding edge surrounds the box padding. If the padding has 0 width, the padding edge is the same as the content edge.
border edge
  The border edge surrounds the box's border. If the border has 0 width, the border edge is the same as the padding edge.
margin edge or outer edge
  The margin edge surrounds the box margin. If the margin has 0 width, the margin edge is the same as the border edge.

Each edge may be broken down into a top, right, bottom, and left edge.

The dimensions of the content area of a box — the content width and content height — depend on several factors: whether the element generating the box has the 'width' or 'height' property set, whether the box contains text or other boxes, whether the box is a table, etc. Box widths and heights are discussed in the chapter on visual formatting model details.

The box width is given by the sum of the left and right margins, border, and padding, and the content width. The box height is given by the sum of the top and bottom margins, border, and padding, and the content height.

The background style of the content, padding, and border areas of a box is specified by the 'background' property of the generating element. Margin backgrounds are always transparent.

## 8.2 Example of margins, padding, and borders

This example illustrates how margins, padding, and borders interact. The example HTML document:

    <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
    <HTML>
      <HEAD>
        <TITLE>Examples of margins, padding, and borders</TITLE>
        <STYLE type="text/css">
          UL {
            background: yellow;
            margin: 12px 12px 12px 12px;
            padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px;
                                         /* No borders set */
          }
          LI {
            color: white;                /* text color is white */
            background: blue;            /* Content, padding will be blue */
            margin: 12px 12px 12px 12px;
            padding: 12px 0px 12px 12px; /* Note 0px padding right */
            list-style: none             /* no glyphs before a list item */
                                         /* No borders set */
          }
          LI.withborder {
            border-style: dashed;
            border-width: medium;        /* sets border width on all sides */
            border-color: lime;
          }
        </STYLE>
      </HEAD>
      <BODY>
        <UL>
          <LI>First element of list
          <LI class="withborder">Second element of list is longer
               to illustrate wrapping.
        </UL>
      </BODY>
    </HTML>

results in a document tree with (among other relationships) a UL element that has two LI children.

The first of the following diagrams illustrates what this example would produce. The second illustrates the relationship between the margins, padding, and borders of the UL elements and those of its children LI elements.

Note that:

- The content width for each LI box is calculated top-down; the containing block for each LI box is established by the UL element.
- The height of each LI box is given by its content height, plus top and bottom padding, borders, and margins. Note that vertical margins between the LI boxes collapse.
- The right padding of the LI boxes has been set to zero width (the 'padding' property). The effect is apparent in the second illustration.
- The margins of the LI boxes are transparent — margins are always transparent — so the background color (yellow) of the UL padding and content areas shines through them.
- The second LI element specifies a dashed border (the 'border-style' property).

## 8.3 Margin properties: 'margin-top', 'margin-right', 'margin-bottom', 'margin-left', and 'margin'

Margin properties specify the width of the margin area of a box. The 'margin' shorthand property sets the margin for all four sides while the other margin properties only set their respective side. These properties apply to all elements, but vertical margins will not have any effect on non-replaced inline elements. Conforming HTML user agents may ignore the margin properties on the HTML element.

The properties defined in this section refer to the <margin-width> value type, which may take one of the following values:

<length>
  Specifies a fixed width.
<percentage>
  The percentage is calculated with respect to the width of the generated box's containing block. Note that this is true for 'margin-top' and 'margin-bottom' as well. If the containing block's width depends on this element, then the resulting layout is undefined in CSS 2.1.
auto
  See the section on computing widths and margins for behavior.

Negative values for margin properties are allowed, but there may be implementation-specific limits.

'margin-top', 'margin-bottom'

  Value: | <margin-width> | inherit
  Initial: | 0
  Applies to: | all elements but inline, non-replaced elements and internal table elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | refer to width of containing block
  Media: | visual
  Computed value: | the percentage as specified or the absolute length

'margin-right', 'margin-left'

  Value: | <margin-width> | inherit
  Initial: | 0
  Applies to: | all elements but internal table elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | refer to width of containing block
  Media: | visual
  Computed value: | the percentage as specified or the absolute length

These properties set the top, right, bottom, and left margin of a box.

Example(s):

    h1 { margin-top: 2em }

'margin'

  Value: | <margin-width>{1,4} | inherit
  Initial: | see individual properties
  Applies to: | all elements but internal table elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | refer to width of containing block
  Media: | visual
  Computed value: | see individual properties

The 'margin' property is a shorthand property for setting 'margin-top', 'margin-right', 'margin-bottom', and 'margin-left' at the same place in the style sheet.

If there is only one value, it applies to all sides. If there are two values, the top and bottom margins are set to the first value and the right and left margins are set to the second. If there are three values, the top is set to the first value, the left and right are set to the second, and the bottom is set to the third. If there are four values, they apply to the top, right, bottom, and left, respectively.

Example(s):

    body { margin: 2em }         /* all margins set to 2em */
    body { margin: 1em 2em }     /* top & bottom = 1em, right & left = 2em */
    body { margin: 1em 2em 3em } /* top=1em, right=2em, bottom=3em, left=2em */

The last rule of the example above is equivalent to the example below:

    body {
      margin-top: 1em;
      margin-right: 2em;
      margin-bottom: 3em;
      margin-left: 2em;        /* copied from opposite side (right) */
    }

### 8.3.1 Collapsing margins

In this specification, the expression collapsing margins means that adjoining margins (no non-empty content, padding or border areas or clearance separate them) of two or more boxes (which may be next to one another or nested) combine to form a single margin.

In CSS 2.1, horizontal margins never collapse.

Vertical margins may collapse between certain boxes:

- Two or more adjoining vertical margins of block boxes in the normal flow collapse. The resulting margin width is the maximum of the adjoining margin widths. In the case of negative margins, the maximum of the absolute values of the negative adjoining margins is deducted from the maximum of the positive adjoining margins. If there are no positive margins, the absolute maximum of the negative adjoining margins is deducted from zero. Note. Adjoining boxes may be generated by elements that are not related as siblings or ancestors.
- Vertical margins between a floated box and any other box do not collapse (not even between a float and its in-flow children).
- Vertical margins of elements with 'overflow' other than 'visible' do not collapse with their in-flow children.
- Margins of absolutely positioned boxes do not collapse (not even with their in-flow children).
- If the top and bottom margins of a box are adjacent, then it is possible for margins to collapse through it. In this case, the position of the element depends on its relationship with the other elements whose margins are being collapsed.
  - If the element's margins are collapsed with its parent's top margin, the top border edge of the box is defined to be the same as the parent's.
  - Otherwise, either the element's parent is not taking part in the margin collapsing, or only the parent's bottom margin is involved. The position of the element's top border edge is the same as it would have been if the element had a non-zero top border.

  Note that the positions of elements that have been collapsed through have no effect on the positions of the other elements with whose margins they are being collapsed; the top border edge position is only required for laying out descendants of these elements.

The bottom margin of an in-flow block-level element is always adjoining to the top margin of its next in-flow block-level sibling, unless that sibling has clearance.

The top margin of an in-flow block-level element is adjoining to its first in-flow block-level child's top margin if the element has no top border, no top padding, and the child has no clearance.

The bottom margin of an in-flow block-level element with a 'height' of 'auto' and 'min-height' less than the element's used height is adjoining to its last in-flow block-level child's bottom margin if the element has no bottom padding or border.

An element's own margins are adjoining if the 'min-height' property is zero, and it has neither vertical borders nor vertical padding, and it has a 'height' of either 0 or 'auto', and it does not contain a line box, and all of its in-flow children's margins (if any) are adjoining.

Collapsing is based on the computed value of 'padding', 'margin', and 'border'. The collapsed margin is calculated over the computed value of the various margins.

Please consult the examples of margin, padding, and borders for an illustration of collapsed margins.

## 8.4 Padding properties: 'padding-top', 'padding-right', 'padding-bottom', 'padding-left', and 'padding'

The padding properties specify the width of the padding area of a box. The 'padding' shorthand property sets the padding for all four sides while the other padding properties only set their respective side.

The properties defined in this section refer to the <padding-width> value type, which may take one of the following values:

<length>
  Specifies a fixed width.
<percentage>
  The percentage is calculated with respect to the width of the generated box's containing block, even for 'padding-top' and 'padding-bottom'. If the containing block's width depends on this element, then the resulting layout is undefined in CSS 2.1.

Unlike margin properties, values for padding values cannot be negative. Like margin properties, percentage values for padding properties refer to the width of the generated box's containing block.

'padding-top', 'padding-right', 'padding-bottom', 'padding-left'

  Value: | <padding-width> | inherit
  Initial: | 0
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | refer to width of containing block
  Media: | visual
  Computed value: | the percentage as specified or the absolute length

These properties set the top, right, bottom, and left padding of a box.

Example(s):

    blockquote { padding-top: 0.3em }

'padding'

  Value: | <padding-width>{1,4} | inherit
  Initial: | see individual properties
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | refer to width of containing block
  Media: | visual
  Computed value: | see individual properties

The 'padding' property is a shorthand property for setting 'padding-top', 'padding-right', 'padding-bottom', and 'padding-left' at the same place in the style sheet.

If there is only one value, it applies to all sides. If there are two values, the top and bottom paddings are set to the first value and the right and left paddings are set to the second. If there are three values, the top is set to the first value, the left and right are set to the second, and the bottom is set to the third. If there are four values, they apply to the top, right, bottom, and left, respectively.

The surface color or image of the padding area is specified via the 'background' property:

Example(s):

    h1 {
      background: white;
      padding: 1em 2em;
    }

The example above specifies a '1em' vertical padding ('padding-top' and 'padding-bottom') and a '2em' horizontal padding ('padding-right' and 'padding-left'). The 'em' unit is relative to the element's font size: '1em' is equal to the size of the font in use.

## 8.5 Border properties

The border properties specify the width, color, and style of the border area of a box. These properties apply to all elements. Conforming HTML user agents may ignore the border properties on the HTML element.

Note. Notably for HTML, user agents may render borders for certain elements (e.g., buttons, menus, etc.) differently than for "ordinary" elements.

### 8.5.1 Border width: 'border-top-width', 'border-right-width', 'border-bottom-width', 'border-left-width', and 'border-width'

The border width properties specify the width of the border area. The properties defined in this section refer to the <border-width> value type, which may take one of the following values:

thin
  A thin border.
medium
  A medium border.
thick
  A thick border.
<length>
  The border's thickness has an explicit value. Explicit border widths cannot be negative.

The interpretation of the first three values depends on the user agent. The following relationships must hold, however:

'thin' <='medium' <= 'thick'.

Furthermore, these widths must be constant throughout a document.

'border-top-width', 'border-right-width', 'border-bottom-width', 'border-left-width'

  Value: | <border-width> | inherit
  Initial: | medium
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Computed value: | absolute length; '0' if the border style is 'none' or 'hidden'

These properties set the width of the top, right, bottom, and left border of a box.

'border-width'

  Value: | <border-width>{1,4} | inherit
  Initial: | see individual properties
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Computed value: | see individual properties

This property is a shorthand property for setting 'border-top-width', 'border-right-width', 'border-bottom-width', and 'border-left-width' at the same place in the style sheet.

If there is only one value, it applies to all sides. If there are two values, the top and bottom borders are set to the first value and the right and left are set to the second. If there are three values, the top is set to the first value, the left and right are set to the second, and the bottom is set to the third. If there are four values, they apply to the top, right, bottom, and left, respectively.

Example(s):

In the examples below, the comments indicate the resulting widths of the top, right, bottom, and left borders:

    h1 { border-width: thin }                   /* thin thin thin thin */
    h1 { border-width: thin thick }             /* thin thick thin thick */
    h1 { border-width: thin thick medium }      /* thin thick medium thick */

### 8.5.2 Border color: 'border-top-color', 'border-right-color', 'border-bottom-color', 'border-left-color', and 'border-color'

The border color properties specify the color of a box's border.

'border-top-color', 'border-right-color', 'border-bottom-color', 'border-left-color'

  Value: | <color> | transparent | inherit
  Initial: | the value of the 'color' property
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Computed value: | when taken from the 'color' property, the computed value of 'color'; otherwise, as specified

'border-color'

  Value: | [ <color> | transparent ]{1,4} | inherit
  Initial: | see individual properties
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Computed value: | see individual properties

The 'border-color' property sets the color of the four borders. Values have the following meanings:

<color>
  Specifies a color value.
transparent
  The border is transparent (though it may have width).

The 'border-color' property can have from one to four values, and the values are set on the different sides as for 'border-width'.

If an element's border color is not specified with a border property, user agents must use the value of the element's 'color' property as the computed value for the border color.

Example(s):

In this example, the border will be a solid black line.

    p {
      color: black;
      background: white;
      border: solid;
    }

### 8.5.3 Border style: 'border-top-style', 'border-right-style', 'border-bottom-style', 'border-left-style', and 'border-style'

The border style properties specify the line style of a box's border (solid, double, dashed, etc.). The properties defined in this section refer to the <border-style> value type, which make take one of the following values:

none
  No border.
hidden
  Same as 'none', except in terms of border conflict resolution for table elements.
dotted
  The border is a series of dots.
dashed
  The border is a series of short line segments.
solid
  The border is a single line segment.
double
  The border is two solid lines. The sum of the two lines and the space between them equals the value of 'border-width'.
groove
  The border looks as though it were carved into the canvas.
ridge
  The opposite of 'groove': the border looks as though it were coming out of the canvas.
inset
  The border makes the box look as though it were embedded in the canvas.
outset
  The opposite of 'inset': the border makes the box look as though it were coming out of the canvas.

All borders are drawn on top of the box's background. The color of borders drawn for values of 'groove', 'ridge', 'inset', and 'outset' depends on the element's border color properties, but UAs may choose their own algorithm to calculate the actual colors used. For instance, if the 'border-color' has the value 'silver', then a UA could use a gradient of colors from white to dark gray to indicate a sloping border.

'border-top-style', 'border-right-style', 'border-bottom-style', 'border-left-style'

  Value: | <border-style> | inherit
  Initial: | none
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Computed value: | as specified

'border-style'

  Value: | <border-style>{1,4} | inherit
  Initial: | see individual properties
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Computed value: | see individual properties

The 'border-style' property sets the style of the four borders. It can have from one to four values, and the values are set on the different sides as for 'border-width' above.

Example(s):

    #xy34 { border-style: solid dotted }

In the above example, the horizontal borders will be 'solid' and the vertical borders will be 'dotted'.

Since the initial value of the border styles is 'none', no borders will be visible unless the border style is set.

### 8.5.4 Border shorthand properties: 'border-top', 'border-bottom', 'border-right', 'border-left', and 'border'

'border-top', 'border-right', 'border-bottom', 'border-left'

  Value: | [ <border-width> || <border-style> || <'border-top-color'> ] | inherit
  Initial: | see individual properties
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Computed value: | see individual properties

This is a shorthand property for setting the width, style, and color of the top, right, bottom, and left border of a box.

Example(s):

    h1 { border-bottom: thick solid red }

The above rule will set the width, style, and color of the border below the H1 element. Omitted values are set to their initial values. Since the following rule does not specify a border color, the border will have the color specified by the 'color' property:

    H1 { border-bottom: thick solid }

'border'

  Value: | [ <border-width> || <border-style> || <'border-top-color'> ] | inherit
  Initial: | see individual properties
  Applies to: | all elements
  Inherited: | no
  Percentages: | N/A
  Media: | visual
  Computed value: | see individual properties

The 'border' property is a shorthand property for setting the same width, color, and style for all four borders of a box. Unlike the shorthand 'margin' and 'padding' properties, the 'border' property cannot set different values on the four borders. To do so, one or more of the other border properties must be used.

Example(s):

For example, the first rule below is equivalent to the set of four rules shown after it:

    p { border: solid red }
    p {
      border-top: solid red;
      border-right: solid red;
      border-bottom: solid red;
      border-left: solid red
    }

Since, to some extent, the properties have overlapping functionality, the order in which the rules are specified is important.

Example(s):

Consider this example:

    blockquote {
      border: solid red;
      border-left: double;
      color: black;
    }

In the above example, the color of the left border is black, while the other borders are red. This is due to 'border-left' setting the width, style, and color. Since the color value is not given by the 'border-left' property, it will be taken from the 'color' property. The fact that the 'color' property is set after the 'border-left' property is not relevant.

## 8.6 The box model for inline elements in bidi context

For each line box, UAs must take the inline boxes generated for each element and render the margins, borders and padding in visual order (not logical order).

When the element's 'direction' property is 'ltr', the left-most generated box of the first line box in which the element appears has a left margin, left border and left padding, and the right-most generated box of the last line box in which the element appears has a right padding, right border and right margin.

When the element's 'direction' property is 'rtl', the right-most generated box of the first line box in which the element appears has a right padding, right border and right margin, and the left-most generated box of the last line box in which the element appears has a left margin, left border and left padding.