


FIND(1L)                                                 FIND(1L)


NNAAMMEE
       find - search for files in a directory hierarchy

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
       ffiinndd [path...] [expression]

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
       This  manual page documents the GNU version of ffiinndd.  ffiinndd
       searches the directory tree rooted at each given  pathname
       by  evaluating  the  given  expression from left to right,
       according to the rules of precedence (see  section  OPERA-
       TORS),  until  the outcome is known (the left hand side is
       false for _a_n_d operations, true for  _o_r),  at  which  point
       ffiinndd moves on to the next pathname.

       The first argument that begins with `-', `(', `)', `,', or
       `!' is taken to be the beginning of  the  expression;  any
       arguments before it are paths to search, and any arguments
       after it are the rest of the expression.  If no paths  are
       given, the current directory is used.  If no expression is
       given, the expression `-print' is used.

       ffiinndd exits with status 0 if all files are  processed  suc-
       cessfully, greater than 0 if errors occur.

EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS
       The expression is made up of options (which affect overall
       operation rather than the processing of a  specific  file,
       and  always  return  true),  tests (which return a true or
       false value), and actions (which  have  side  effects  and
       return a true or false value), all separated by operators.
       -and is assumed where the operator  is  omitted.   If  the
       expression  contains  no actions other than -prune, -print
       is performed on all files  for  which  the  expression  is
       true.

   OOPPTTIIOONNSS
       All options always return true.

       -daystart
              Measure  times  (for  -amin, -atime, -cmin, -ctime,
              -mmin, and -mtime)  from  the  beginning  of  today
              rather than from 24 hours ago.

       -depth Process each directory's contents before the direc-
              tory itself.

       -follow
              Dereference symbolic links.  Implies -noleaf.

       -maxdepth _l_e_v_e_l_s
              Descend at most  _l_e_v_e_l_s  (a  non-negative  integer)
              levels  of directories below the command line argu-
              ments.  `-maxdepth 0' means only  apply  the  tests



                                                                1





FIND(1L)                                                 FIND(1L)


              and actions to the command line arguments.

       -mindepth _l_e_v_e_l_s
              Do  not  apply  any tests or actions at levels less
              than _l_e_v_e_l_s (a non-negative  integer).   `-mindepth
              1'  means process all files except the command line
              arguments.

       -noleaf
              Do not optimize by assuming that  directories  con-
              tain  2  fewer  subdirectories than their hard link
              count.  Each directory on a normal Unix  filesystem
              has  at  least  2  hard links: its name and its `.'
              entry.  Additionally, its subdirectories  (if  any)
              each  have  a `..'  entry linked to that directory.
              When ffiinndd is examining a directory,  after  it  has
              statted 2 fewer subdirectories than the directory's
              link count, it knows that the rest of  the  entries
              in  the directory are non-directories (`leaf' files
              in the directory tree).  If only the  files'  names
              need to be examined, there is no need to stat them;
              this gives a significant increase in search  speed.
              However, this option might be needed when searching
              NFS-mounted non-Unix file systems, if they  do  not
              follow   the  directory-link  convention  described
              above.

       -version
              Print ffiinndd version number on standard error.

       -xdev  Don't descend directories on other filesystems.

   TTEESSTTSS
       Numeric arguments can be specified as

       _+_n     for greater than _n,

       _-_n     for less than _n,

       _n      for exactly _n.

       -amin _n
              File was last accessed _n minutes ago.

       -anewer _f_i_l_e
              File was last accessed more recently than _f_i_l_e  was
              modified.   -anewer  is affected by -follow only if
              -follow comes before -anewer on the command line.

       -atime _n
              File was last accessed _n*24 hours ago.

       -cmin _n
              File's status was last changed _n minutes ago.



                                                                2





FIND(1L)                                                 FIND(1L)


       -cnewer _f_i_l_e
              File's status was last changed more  recently  than
              _f_i_l_e  was modified.  -cnewer is affected by -follow
              only if -follow comes before -cnewer on the command
              line.

       -ctime _n
              File's status was last changed _n*24 hours ago.

       -empty File  is  empty  and  is either a regular file or a
              directory.

       -false Always false.

       -fstype _t_y_p_e
              File is on a filesystem of type  _t_y_p_e.   The  valid
              filesystem  types  vary among different versions of
              Unix; an incomplete list of filesystem  types  that
              are accepted on some version of Unix or another is:
              ufs, 4.2, 4.3, nfs, tmp, mfs, S51K, S52K.

       -gid _n File's numeric group ID is _n.

       -group _g_n_a_m_e
              File belongs  to  group  _g_n_a_m_e  (numeric  group  ID
              allowed).

       -inum _n
              File has inode number _n.

       -links _n
              File has _n links.

       -lname _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
              File  is a symbolic link whose contents match shell
              pattern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.  The metacharacters do  not  treat
              `/' or `.' specially.

       -mmin _n
              File's data was last modified _n minutes ago.

       -mtime _n
              File's data was last modified _n*24 hours ago.

       -name _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
              Base of path name (the path with the leading direc-
              tories removed) matches shell pattern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.  The
              metacharacters  (`*', `?', and `[]') do not match a
              `.' at the start of the base name.

       -newer _f_i_l_e
              File was modified more recently than _f_i_l_e.   -newer
              is affected by -follow only if -follow comes before
              -newer on the command line.



                                                                3





FIND(1L)                                                 FIND(1L)


       -nouser
              No user corresponds to file's numeric user ID.

       -nogroup
              No group corresponds to file's numeric group ID.

       -path _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
              Path  name  matches  shell  pattern  _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.   The
              metacharacters do not treat `/' or `.' specially.

       -perm _m_o_d_e
              File's  permission  bits are exactly _m_o_d_e (octal or
              symbolic).  Symbolic modes use mode 0 as a point of
              departure.

       -perm -_m_o_d_e
              All  of  the  permission  bits _m_o_d_e are set for the
              file.

       -perm +_m_o_d_e
              Any of the permission bits _m_o_d_e  are  set  for  the
              file.

       -regex _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
              Pathname matches regular expression _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.

       -size _n[ck]
              File  uses  _n 512-byte blocks (bytes if `c' follows
              _n, kilobytes if `k' follows _n).  The size does  not
              count  indirect  blocks,  and  does count blocks in
              sparse files that are not actually allocated.

       -true  Always true.

       -type _c
              File is of type _c:

              b      block (buffered) special

              c      character (unbuffered) special

              d      directory

              p      named pipe (FIFO)

              f      regular file

              l      symbolic link

              s      socket

       -uid _n File's numeric user ID is _n.





                                                                4





FIND(1L)                                                 FIND(1L)


       -used _n
              File was last accessed _n days after its status  was
              last changed.

       -user _u_n_a_m_e
              File  is  owned  by  user  _u_n_a_m_e  (numeric  user ID
              allowed).

       -xtype _c
              The same as -type unless the  file  is  a  symbolic
              link.   For symbolic links, if -follow has not been
              given, true if the file is a link to a file of type
              _c;  if  -follow  has  been given, true if _c is `l'.
              For symbolic links, -xtype checks the type  of  the
              file that -type does not check.

   AACCTTIIOONNSS
       -exec _c_o_m_m_a_n_d ;
              Execute _c_o_m_m_a_n_d; true if 0 status is returned.  All
              following arguments to ffiinndd are taken to  be  argu-
              ments  to  the command until an argument consisting
              of `;' is encountered.  The string `{}' is replaced
              by  the current pathname being processed everywhere
              it occurs in the arguments to the command, not just
              in arguments where it is alone, as in some versions
              of ffiinndd.  Both of these constructions might need to
              be  escaped  (with a `\') or quoted to protect them
              from expansion by the shell.

       -fprint _f_i_l_e
              True; print the full pathname into file  _f_i_l_e.   If
              _f_i_l_e  does  not  exist when ffiinndd is run, it is cre-
              ated; if it does exist, it is truncated.  The file-
              names  ``/dev/stdout'' and ``/dev/stderr'' are han-
              dled specially; they refer to the  standard  output
              and standard error output, respectively.

       -fprint0 _f_i_l_e
              True;  like -print0 but write to _f_i_l_e like -fprint.

       -fprintf _f_i_l_e _f_o_r_m_a_t
              True; like -printf but write to _f_i_l_e like  -fprint.

       -ok _c_o_m_m_a_n_d ;
              Like  -exec but ask the user first (on the standard
              input); if the response does not start with `y'  or
              `Y', do not run the command, and return false.

       -print True;  print the full pathname on the standard out-
              put, followed by a newline.

       -print0
              True; print the full pathname on the standard  out-
              put,  followed  by  a  null character.  This allows



                                                                5





FIND(1L)                                                 FIND(1L)


              filenames that contain  newlines  to  be  correctly
              interpreted  by programs that process the ffiinndd out-
              put.

       -printf _f_o_r_m_a_t
              True; print _f_o_r_m_a_t on the standard  output,  inter-
              preting  `\'  escapes  and  `%'  directives.  Field
              widths and precisions can be specified as with  the
              `printf'  C  function.  Unlike -print, -printf does
              not add a newline at the end of  the  string.   The
              escapes and directives are:

              \a     Alarm bell.

              \b     Backspace.

              \c     Stop  printing from this format immediately.

              \f     Form feed.

              \n     Newline.

              \r     Carriage return.

              \t     Horizontal tab.

              \v     Vertical tab.

              \\     A literal backslash (`\').

              A `\' character followed by any other character  is
              treated  as an ordinary character, so they both are
              printed.

              %%     A literal percent sign.

              %a     File's  last  access  time  in  the   format
                     returned by the C `ctime' function.

              %A_k    File's last access time in the format speci-
                     fied by _k, which is either `@' or  a  direc-
                     tive  for  the  C  `strftime' function.  The
                     possible values for _k are listed below; some
                     of  them  might not be available on all sys-
                     tems,  due  to  differences  in   `strftime'
                     between systems.

                      @      seconds  since  Jan.  1, 1970, 00:00
                             GMT.

                     Time fields:

                      H      hour (00..23)




                                                                6





FIND(1L)                                                 FIND(1L)


                      I      hour (01..12)

                      k      hour ( 0..23)

                      l      hour ( 1..12)

                      M      minute (00..59)

                      p      locale's AM or PM

                      r      time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)

                      S      second (00..61)

                      T      time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss)

                      X      locale's time representation (H:M:S)

                      Z      time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if
                             no time zone is determinable

                     Date fields:

                      a      locale's  abbreviated  weekday  name
                             (Sun..Sat)

                      A      locale's full weekday name, variable
                             length (Sunday..Saturday)

                      b      locale's  abbreviated   month   name
                             (Jan..Dec)

                      B      locale's  full  month name, variable
                             length (January..December)

                      c      locale's date and time (Sat  Nov  04
                             12:02:33 EST 1989)

                      d      day of month (01..31)

                      D      date (mm/dd/yy)

                      h      same as b

                      j      day of year (001..366)

                      m      month (01..12)

                      U      week  number  of year with Sunday as
                             first day of week (00..53)

                      w      day of week (0..6)

                      W      week number of year with  Monday  as



                                                                7





FIND(1L)                                                 FIND(1L)


                             first day of week (00..53)

                      x      locale's     date     representation
                             (mm/dd/yy)

                      y      last two digits of year (00..99)

                      Y      year (1970...)

              %b     File's size in 512-byte blocks (rounded up).

              %c     File's last status change time in the format
                     returned by the C `ctime' function.

              %C_k    File's last status change time in the format
                     specified by _k, which is the same as for %A.

              %d     File's depth in the directory tree; 0  means
                     the file is a command line argument.

              %f     File's pathname with any leading directories
                     removed.

              %g     File's group name, or numeric  group  ID  if
                     the group has no name.

              %G     File's numeric group ID.

              %h     Leading directories of file's pathname.

              %H     Command  line  argument under which file was
                     found.

              %i     File's inode number (in decimal).

              %k     File's size in 1K blocks (rounded up).

              %l     Object of symbolic  link  (empty  string  if
                     file is not a symbolic link).

              %m     File's permission bits (in octal).

              %n     Number of hard links to file.

              %p     File's pathname.

              %P     File's pathname with the name of the command
                     line  argument  under  which  it  was  found
                     removed.

              %s     File's size in bytes.

              %t     File's  last modification time in the format
                     returned by the C `ctime' function.



                                                                8





FIND(1L)                                                 FIND(1L)


              %T_k    File's last modification time in the  format
                     specified by _k, which is the same as for %A.

              %u     File's user name, or numeric user ID if  the
                     user has no name.

              %U     File's numeric user ID.

              A  `%' character followed by any other character is
              discarded (but the other character is printed).

       -prune If -depth is not given, true; do  not  descend  the
              current directory.
              If -depth is given, false; no effect.

       -ls    True;  list  current  file  in `ls -dils' format on
              standard  output.   The  block  counts  are  of  1K
              blocks,    unless    the    environment    variable
              POSIXLY_CORRECT is  set,  in  which  case  512-byte
              blocks are used.

   OOPPEERRAATTOORRSS
       Listed in order of decreasing precedence:

       ( _e_x_p_r )
              Force precedence.

       ! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false.

       -not _e_x_p_r
              Same as ! _e_x_p_r.

       _e_x_p_r_1 _e_x_p_r_2
              And  (implied);  _e_x_p_r_2 is not evaluated if _e_x_p_r_1 is
              false.

       _e_x_p_r_1 -a _e_x_p_r_2
              Same as _e_x_p_r_1 _e_x_p_r_2.

       _e_x_p_r_1 -and _e_x_p_r_2
              Same as _e_x_p_r_1 _e_x_p_r_2.

       _e_x_p_r_1 -o _e_x_p_r_2
              Or; _e_x_p_r_2 is not evaluated if _e_x_p_r_1 is true.

       _e_x_p_r_1 -or _e_x_p_r_2
              Same as _e_x_p_r_1 -o _e_x_p_r_2.

       _e_x_p_r_1 , _e_x_p_r_2
              List; both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2  are  always  evaluated.
              The  value  of _e_x_p_r_1 is discarded; the value of the
              list is the value of _e_x_p_r_2.





                                                                9


