This is a purely informative rendering of an RFC that includes verified errata. This rendering may not be used as a reference.
The following 'Verified' errata have been incorporated in this document:
EID 8169
Network Working Group G. Malkin
Request for Comments: 2080 Xylogics
Category: Standards Track R. Minnear
Ipsilon Networks
January 1997
RIPng for IPv6
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document specifies a routing protocol for an IPv6 internet. It
is based on protocols and algorithms currently in wide use in the
IPv4 Internet.
This specification represents the minimum change to the Routing
Information Protocol (RIP), as specified in RFC 1058 [1] and RFC 1723
[2], necessary for operation over IPv6 [3].
Acknowledgements
This document is a modified version of RFC 1058, written by Chuck
Hedrick [1]. The modifications reflect RIP-2 and IPv6 enhancements,
but the original wording is his.
We'd like to thank Dennis Ferguson and Thomas Narten for their input.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Theoretical Underpinnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Limitations of the Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Protocol Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 Next Hop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Addressing Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 Input Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.1 Request Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.2 Response Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 Output Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5.1 Triggered Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5.2 Generating Response Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6 Split Horizon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. Control Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1. Introduction
This memo describes one protocol in a series of routing protocols
based on the Bellman-Ford (or distance vector) algorithm. This
algorithm has been used for routing computations in computer networks
since the early days of the ARPANET. The particular packet formats
and protocol described here are based on the program "routed," which
is included with the Berkeley distribution of Unix.
In an international network, such as the Internet, it is very
unlikely that a single routing protocol will used for the entire
network. Rather, the network will be organized as a collection of
Autonomous Systems (AS), each of which will, in general, be
administered by a single entity. Each AS will have its own routing
technology, which may differ among AS's. The routing protocol used
within an AS is referred to as an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP). A
separate protocol, called an Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP), is used
to transfer routing information among the AS's. RIPng was designed
to work as an IGP in moderate-size AS's. It is not intended for use
in more complex environments. For information on the context into
which RIP version 1 (RIP-1) is expected to fit, see Braden and Postel
[6].
RIPng is one of a class of algorithms known as Distance Vector
algorithms. The earliest description of this class of algorithms
known to the author is in Ford and Fulkerson [8]. Because of this,
they are sometimes known as Ford-Fulkerson algorithms. The term
Bellman-Ford is also used, and derives from the fact that the
formulation is based on Bellman's equation [4]. The presentation in
this document is closely based on [5]. This document contains a
protocol specification. For an introduction to the mathematics of
routing algorithms, see [1]. The basic algorithms used by this
protocol were used in computer routing as early as 1969 in the
ARPANET. However, the specific ancestry of this protocol is within
the Xerox network protocols. The PUP protocols [7] used the Gateway
Information Protocol to exchange routing information. A somewhat
updated version of this protocol was adopted for the Xerox Network
Systems (XNS) architecture, with the name Routing Information
Protocol [9]. Berkeley's routed is largely the same as the Routing
Information Protocol, with XNS addresses replaced by a more general
address format capable of handling IPv4 and other types of address,
and with routing updates limited to one every 30 seconds. Because of
this similarity, the term Routing Information Protocol (or just RIP)
is used to refer to both the XNS protocol and the protocol used by
routed.
1.1 Theoretical Underpinnings
An introduction to the theory and math behind Distance Vector
protocols is provided in [1]. It has not been incorporated in this
document for the sake of brevity.
1.2 Limitations of the Protocol
This protocol does not solve every possible routing problem. As
mentioned above, it is primarily intended for use as an IGP in
networks of moderate size. In addition, the following specific
limitations are be mentioned:
- The protocol is limited to networks whose longest path (the
network's diameter) is 15 hops. The designers believe that the
basic protocol design is inappropriate for larger networks. Note
that this statement of the limit assumes that a cost of 1 is used
for each network. This is the way RIPng is normally configured.
If the system administrator chooses to use larger costs, the upper
bound of 15 can easily become a problem.
- The protocol depends upon "counting to infinity" to resolve certain
unusual situations (see section 2.2 in [1]). If the system of
networks has several hundred networks, and a routing loop was formed
involving all of them, the resolution of the loop would require
either much time (if the frequency of routing updates were limited)
or bandwidth (if updates were sent whenever changes were detected).
Such a loop would consume a large amount of network bandwidth
before the loop was corrected. We believe that in realistic cases,
this will not be a problem except on slow lines. Even then, the
problem will be fairly unusual, since various precautions are taken
that should prevent these problems in most cases.
- This protocol uses fixed "metrics" to compare alternative routes.
It is not appropriate for situations where routes need to be chosen
based on real-time parameters such as measured delay, reliability,
or load. The obvious extensions to allow metrics of this type are
likely to introduce instabilities of a sort that the protocol is
not designed to handle.
EID 8169 (Verified) is as follows:Section: 1.2
Original Text:
- This protocol uses fixed "metrics" to compare alternative routes.
It is not appropriate for situations where routes need to be chosen
based on real-time parameters such a measured delay, reliability,
or load. The obvious extensions to allow metrics of this type are
likely to introduce instabilities of a sort that the protocol is
not designed to handle.
Corrected Text:
- This protocol uses fixed "metrics" to compare alternative routes.
It is not appropriate for situations where routes need to be chosen
based on real-time parameters such as measured delay, reliability,
or load. The obvious extensions to allow metrics of this type are
likely to introduce instabilities of a sort that the protocol is
not designed to handle.
Notes:
It should be 'such as' instead of 'such a'.
2. Protocol Specification
RIPng is intended to allow routers to exchange information for
computing routes through an IPv6-based network. RIPng is a distance
vector protocol, as described in [1]. RIPng should be implemented
only in routers; IPv6 provides other mechanisms for router discovery
[10]. Any router that uses RIPng is assumed to have interfaces to
one or more networks, otherwise it isn't really a router. These are
referred to as its directly-connected networks. The protocol relies
on access to certain information about each of these networks, the
most important of which is its metric. The RIPng metric of a network
is an integer between 1 and 15, inclusive. It is set in some manner
not specified in this protocol; however, given the maximum path limit
of 15, a value of 1 is usually used. Implementations should allow
the system administrator to set the metric of each network. In
addition to the metric, each network will have an IPv6 destination
address prefix and prefix length associated with it. These are to be
set by the system administrator in a manner not specified in this
protocol.
Each router that implements RIPng is assumed to have a routing table.
This table has one entry for every destination that is reachable
throughout the system operating RIPng. Each entry contains at least
the following information:
- The IPv6 prefix of the destination.
- A metric, which represents the total cost of getting a datagram
from the router to that destination. This metric is the sum of the
costs associated with the networks that would be traversed to get
to the destination.
- The IPv6 address of the next router along the path to the
destination (i.e., the next hop). If the destination is on one of
the directly-connected networks, this item is not needed.
- A flag to indicate that information about the route has changed
recently. This will be referred to as the "route change flag."
- Various timers associated with the route. See section 2.3 for more
details on timers.
The entries for the directly-connected networks are set up by the
router using information gathered by means not specified in this
protocol. The metric for a directly-connected network is set to the
cost of that network. As mentioned, 1 is the usual cost. In that
case, the RIPng metric reduces to a simple hop-count. More complex
metrics may be used when it is desirable to show preference for some
networks over others (e.g., to indicate of differences in bandwidth
or reliability).
Implementors may also choose to allow the system administrator to
enter additional routes. These would most likely be routes to hosts
or networks outside the scope of the routing system. They are
referred to as "static routes." Entries for destinations other than
these initial ones are added and updated by the algorithms described
in the following sections.
In order for the protocol to provide complete information on routing,
every router in the AS must participate in the protocol. In cases
where multiple IGPs are in use, there must be at least one router
which can leak routing information between the protocols.
2.1 Message Format
RIPng is a UDP-based protocol. Each router that uses RIPng has a
routing process that sends and receives datagrams on UDP port number
521, the RIPng port. All communications intended for another
router's RIPng process are sent to the RIPng port. All routing
update messages are sent from the RIPng port. Unsolicited routing
update messages have both the source and destination port equal to
the RIPng port. Those sent in response to a request are sent to the
port from which the request came. Specific queries may be sent from
ports other than the RIPng port, but they must be directed to the
RIPng port on the target machine.
The RIPng packet format is:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| command (1) | version (1) | must be zero (2) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
~ Route Table Entry 1 (20) ~
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
~ ... ~
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
~ Route Table Entry N (20) ~
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
where each Route Table Entry (RTE) has the following format:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
~ IPv6 prefix (16) ~
| |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| route tag (2) | prefix len (1)| metric (1) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The maximum number of RTEs is defined below.
Field sizes are given in octets. Unless otherwise specified, fields
contain binary integers, in network byte order, with the most-
significant octet first (big-endian). Each tick mark represents one
bit.
Every message contains a RIPng header which consists of a command and
a version number. This document describes version 1 of the protocol
(see section 2.4). The command field is used to specify the purpose
of this message. The commands implemented in version 1 are:
1 - request A request for the responding system to send all or
part of its routing table.
2 - response A message containing all or part of the sender's
routing table. This message may be sent in response
to a request, or it may be an unsolicited routing
update generated by the sender.
For each of these message types, the remainder of the datagram
contains a list of RTEs. Each RTE in this list contains a
destination prefix, the number of significant bits in the prefix, and
the cost to reach that destination (metric).
The destination prefix is the usual 128-bit, IPv6 address prefix
stored as 16 octets in network byte order.
The route tag field is an attribute assigned to a route which must be
preserved and readvertised with a route. The intended use of the
route tag is to provide a method of separating "internal" RIPng
routes (routes for networks within the RIPng routing domain) from
"external" RIPng routes, which may have been imported from an EGP or
another IGP.
Routers supporting protocols other than RIPng should be configurable
to allow the route tag to be configured for routes imported from
different sources. For example, routes imported from an EGP should
be able to have their route tag either set to an arbitrary value, or
at least to the number of the Autonomous System from which the routes
were learned.
Other uses of the route tag are valid, as long as all routers in the
RIPng domain use it consistently.
The prefix length field is the length in bits of the significant part
of the prefix (a value between 0 and 128 inclusive) starting from the
left of the prefix.
The metric field contains a value between 1 and 15 inclusive,
specifying the current metric for the destination; or the value 16
(infinity), which indicates that the destination is not reachable.
The maximum datagram size is limited by the MTU of the medium over
which the protocol is being used. Since an unsolicited RIPng update
is never propagated across a router, there is no danger of an MTU
mismatch. The determination of the number of RTEs which may be put
into a given message is a function of the medium's MTU, the number of
octets of header information preceeding the RIPng message, the size
of the RIPng header, and the size of an RTE. The formula is:
+- -+
| MTU - sizeof(IPv6_hdrs) - UDP_hdrlen - RIPng_hdrlen |
#RTEs = INT | --------------------------------------------------- |
| RTE_size |
+- -+
2.1.1 Next Hop
RIPng provides the ability to specify the immediate next hop IPv6
address to which packets to a destination specified by a route table
entry (RTE) should be forwarded in much the same way as RIP-2 [2].
In RIP-2, each route table entry has a next hop field. Including a
next hop field for each RTE in RIPng would nearly double the size of
the RTE. Therefore, in RIPng, the next hop is specified by a special
RTE and applies to all of the address RTEs following the next hop RTE
until the end of the message or until another next hop RTE is
encountered.
A next hop RTE is identified by a value of 0xFF in the metric field
of an RTE. The prefix field specifies the IPv6 address of the next
hop. The route tag and prefix length in the next hop RTE must be set
to zero on sending and ignored on receiption.
The next hop Route Table Entry (RTE) has the following format:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
~ IPv6 next hop address (16) ~
| |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| must be zero (2) |must be zero(1)| 0xFF |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Specifying a value of 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 in the prefix field of a next
hop RTE indicates that the next hop address should be the originator
of the RIPng advertisement. An address specified as a next hop must
be a link-local address.
The purpose of the next hop RTE is to eliminate packets being routed
through extra hops in the system. It is particularly useful when
RIPng is not being run on all of the routers on a network. Note that
next hop RTE is "advisory". That is, if the provided information is
ignored, a possibly sub-optimal, but absolutely valid, route may be
taken. If the received next hop address is not a link-local address,
it should be treated as 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0.
2.2 Addressing Considerations
The distinction between network, subnet and host routes does not need
to be made for RIPng because an IPv6 address prefix is unambiguous.
Any prefix with a prefix length of zero is used to designate a
default route. It is suggested that the prefix 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 be
used when specifying the default route, though the prefix is
essentially ignored. A default route is used when it is not
convenient to list every possible network in the RIPng updates, and
when one or more routers in the system are prepared to handle traffic
to the networks that are not explicitly listed. These "default
routers" use the default route as a path for all datagrams for which
they have no explicit route. The decision as to how a router becomes
a default router (i.e., how a default route entry is created) is left
to the implementor. In general, the system administrator will be
provided with a way to specify which routers should create and
advertise default route entries. If this mechanism is used, the
implementation should allow the network administrator to choose the
metric associated with the default route advertisement. This will
make it possible to establish a precedence amoung multiple default
routers. The default route entries are handled by RIPng in exactly
the same manner as any other destination prefix. System
administrators should take care to make sure that default routes do
not propagate further than is intended. Generally, each AS has its
own preferred default router. Therefore, default routes should
generally not leave the boundary of an AS. The mechanisms for
enforcing this restriction are not specified in this document.
2.3 Timers
This section describes all events that are triggered by timers.
Every 30 seconds, the RIPng process is awakened to send an
unsolicited Response message, containing the complete routing table
(see section 2.6 on Split Horizon), to every neighboring router.
When there are many routers on a single network, there is a tendency
for them to synchronize with each other such that they all issue
updates at the same time. This can happen whenever the 30 second
timer is affected by the processing load on the system. It is
undesirable for the update messages to become synchronized, since it
can lead to unnecessary collisions on broadcast networks (see [13]
for more details). Therefore, implementations are required to take
one of two precautions:
- The 30-second updates are triggered by a clock whose rate is not
affected by system load or the time required to service the
previous update timer.
- The 30-second timer is offset by a small random time (+/- 0 to 15
seconds) each time it is set. The offset is derived from: 0.5 *
the update period (i.e. 30).
There are two timers associated with each route, a "timeout" and a
"garbage-collection time." Upon expiration of the timeout, the route
is no longer valid; however, it is retained in the routing table for
a short time so that neighbors can be notified that the route has
been dropped. Upon expiration of the garbage-collection timer, the
route is finally removed from the routing table.
The timeout is initialized when a route is established, and any time
an update message is received for the route. If 180 seconds elapse
from the last time the timeout was initialized, the route is
considered to have expired, and the deletion process described below
begins for that route.
Deletions can occur for one of two reasons: the timeout expires, or
the metric is set to 16 because of an update received from the
current router (see section 2.4.2 for a discussion of processing
updates from other routers). In either case, the following events
happen:
- The garbage-collection timer is set for 120 seconds.
- The metric for the route is set to 16 (infinity). This causes the
route to be removed from service.
- The route change flag is to indicate that this entry has been
changed.
- The output process is signalled to trigger a response.
Until the garbage-collection timer expires, the route is included in
all updates sent by this router. When the garbage-collection timer
expires, the route is deleted from the routing table.
Should a new route to this network be established while the garbage-
collection timer is running, the new route will replace the one that
is about to be deleted. In this case the garbage-collection timer
must be cleared.
Triggered updates also use a small timer; however, this is best
described in section 2.5.1.
2.4 Input Processing
This section will describe the handling of datagrams received on the
RIPng port. Processing will depend upon the value in the command
field. Version 1 supports only two commands: Request and Response.
2.4.1 Request Messages
A Request is used to ask for a response containing all or part of a
router's routing table. Normally, Requests are sent as multicasts,
from the RIPng port, by routers which have just come up and are
seeking to fill in their routing tables as quickly as possible.
However, there may be situations (e.g., router monitoring) where the
routing table of only a single router is needed. In this case, the
Request should be sent directly to that router from a UDP port other
than the RIPng port. If such a Request is received, the router
responds directly to the requestor's address and port with a globally
valid source address since the requestor may not reside on the
directly attached network.
The Request is processed entry by entry. If there are no entries, no
response is given. There is one special case. If there is exactly
one entry in the request, and it has a destination prefix of zero, a
prefix length of zero, and a metric of infinity (i.e., 16), then this
is a request to send the entire routing table. In that case, a call
is made to the output process to send the routing table to the
requesting address/port. Except for this special case, processing is
quite simple. Examine the list of RTEs in the Request one by one.
For each entry, look up the destination in the router's routing
database and, if there is a route, put that route's metric in the
metric field of the RTE. If there is no explicit route to the
specified destination, put infinity in the metric field. Once all
the entries have been filled in, change the command from Request to
Response and send the datagram back to the requestor.
Note that there is a difference in metric handling for specific and
whole-table requests. If the request is for a complete routing
table, normal output processing is done, including Split Horizon (see
section 2.6 on Split Horizon). If the request is for specific
entries, they are looked up in the routing table and the information
is returned as is; no Split Horizon processing is done. The reason
for this distinction is the expectation that these requests are
likely to be used for different purposes. When a router first comes
up, it multicasts a Request on every connected network asking for a
complete routing table. It is assumed that these complete routing
tables are to be used to update the requestor's routing table. For
this reason, Split Horizon must be done. It is further assumed that
a Request for specific networks is made only by diagnostic software,
and is not used for routing. In this case, the requester would want
to know the exact contents of the routing table and would not want
any information hidden or modified.
2.4.2 Response Messages
A Response can be received for one of several different reasons:
- response to a specific query
- regular update (unsolicited response)
- triggered update caused by a route change
Processing is the same no matter why the Response was generated.
Because processing of a Response may update the router's routing
table, the Response must be checked carefully for validity. The
Response must be ignored if it is not from the RIPng port. The
datagram's IPv6 source address should be checked to see whether the
datagram is from a valid neighbor; the source of the datagram must be
a link-local address. It is also worth checking to see whether the
response is from one of the router's own addresses. Interfaces on
broadcast networks may receive copies of their own multicasts
immediately. If a router processes its own output as new input,
confusion is likely, and such datagrams must be ignored. As an
additional check, periodic advertisements must have their hop counts
set to 255, and inbound, multicast packets sent from the RIPng port
(i.e. periodic advertisement or triggered update packets) must be
examined to ensure that the hop count is 255. This absolutely
guarantees that a packet is from a neighbor, because any intermediate
node would have decremented the hop count. Queries and their
responses may still cross intermediate nodes and therefore do not
require the hop count test to be done.
Once the datagram as a whole has been validated, process the RTEs in
the Response one by one. Again, start by doing validation.
Incorrect metrics and other format errors usually indicate
misbehaving neighbors and should probably be brought to the
administrator's attention. For example, if the metric is greater
than infinity, ignore the entry but log the event. The basic
validation tests are:
- is the destination prefix valid (e.g., not a multicast prefix and
not a link-local address) A link-local address should never be
present in an RTE.
- is the prefix length valid (i.e., between 0 and 128, inclusive)
- is the metric valid (i.e., between 1 and 16, inclusive)
If any check fails, ignore that entry and proceed to the next.
Again, logging the error is probably a good idea.
Once the entry has been validated, update the metric by adding the
cost of the network on which the message arrived. If the result is
greater than infinity, use infinity. That is,
metric = MIN (metric + cost, infinity)
Now, check to see whether there is already an explicit route for the
destination prefix. If there is no such route, add this route to the
routing table, unless the metric is infinity (there is no point in
adding a route which unusable). Adding a route to the routing table
consists of:
- Setting the destination prefix and length to those in the RTE.
- Setting the metric to the newly calculated metric (as described
above).
- Set the next hop address to be the address of the router from which
the datagram came or the next hop address specified by a next hop
RTE.
- Initialize the timeout for the route. If the garbage-collection
timer is running for this route, stop it (see section 2.3 for a
discussion of the timers).
- Set the route change flag.
- Signal the output process to trigger an update (see section 2.5).
If there is an existing route, compare the next hop address to the
address of the router from which the datagram came. If this datagram
is from the same router as the existing route, reinitialize the
timeout. Next, compare the metrics. If the datagram is from the
same router as the existing route, and the new metric is different
than the old one; or, if the new metric is lower than the old one; do
the following actions:
- Adopt the route from the datagram. That is, put the new metric in,
and adjust the next hop address (if necessary).
- Set the route change flag and signal the output process to trigger
an update.
- If the new metric is infinity, start the deletion process
(described above); otherwise, re-initialize the timeout.
If the new metric is infinity, the deletion process begins for the
route, which is no longer used for routing packets. Note that the
deletion process is started only when the metric is first set to
infinity. If the metric was already infinity, then a new deletion
process is not started.
If the new metric is the same as the old one, it is simplest to do
nothing further (beyond reinitializing the timeout, as specified
above); but, there is a heuristic which could be applied. Normally,
it is senseless to replace a route if the new route has the same
metric as the existing route; this would cause the route to bounce
back and forth, which would generate an intolerable number of
triggered updates. However, if the existing route is showing signs
of timing out, it may be better to switch to an equally-good
alternative route immediately, rather than waiting for the timeout to
happen. Therefore, if the new metric is the same as the old one,
examine the timeout for the existing route. If it is at least
halfway to the expiration point, switch to the new route. This
heuristic is optional, but highly recommended.
Any entry that fails these tests is ignored, as it is no better than
the current route.
2.5 Output Processing
This section describes the processing used to create response
messages that contain all or part of the routing table. This
processing may be triggered in any of the following ways:
- By input processing, when a Request is received. In this case, the
Response is sent to only one destination (i.e. the unicast address
of the requestor).
- By the regular routing update. Every 30 seconds, a Response
containing the whole routing table is sent to every neighboring
router.
- By triggered updates. Whenever the metric for a route is changed,
an update is triggered.
The special processing required for a Request is described in section
2.4.1.
When a Response is to be sent to all neighbors (i.e., a regular or
triggered update), a Response message is multicast to the multicast
group FF02::9, the all-rip-routers multicast group, on all connected
networks that support broadcasting or are point-to-point links. RIPng
handles point-to-point links just like multicast links as
multicasting can be trivially provided on such links. Thus, one
Response is prepared for each directly-connected network, and sent to
the all-rip-routers multicast group. In most cases, this reaches all
neighboring routers. However, there are some cases where this may
not be good enough. This may involve a network that is not a
broadcast network (e.g., the ARPANET), or a situation involving dumb
routers. In such cases, it may be necessary to specify an actual
list of neighboring routers and send a datagram to each one
explicitly. It is left to the implementor to determine whether such
a mechanism is needed, and to define how the list is specified.
2.5.1 Triggered Updates
Triggered updates require special handling for two reasons. First,
experience shows that triggered updates can cause excessive loads on
networks with limited capacity or networks with many routers on them.
Therefore, the protocol requires that implementors include provisions
to limit the frequency of triggered updates. After a triggered
update is sent, a timer should be set for a random interval between 1
and 5 seconds. If other changes that would trigger updates occur
before the timer expires, a single update is triggered when the timer
expires. The timer is then reset to another random value between 1
and 5 seconds. Triggered updates may be suppressed if a regular
update is due by the time the triggered update would be sent.
Second, triggered updates do not need to include the entire routing
table. In principle, only those routes which have changed need to be
included. Therefore messages generated as part of a triggered update
must include at least those routes that have their route change flag
set. They may include additional routes, at the discretion of the
implementor; however, sending complete routing updates is strongly
discouraged. When a triggered update is processed, messages should
be generated for every directly-connected network. Split Horizon
processing is done when generating triggered updates as well as
normal updates (see section 2.6). If, after Split Horizon processing
for a given network, a changed route will appear unchanged on that
network (e.g., it appears with an infinite metric), the route need
not be sent. If no routes need be sent on that network, the update
may be omitted. Once all of the triggered updates have been
generated, the route change flags should be cleared.
If input processing is allowed while output is being generated,
appropriate interlocking must be done. The route change flags should
not be changed as a result of processing input while a triggered
update message is being generated.
The only difference between a triggered update and other update
messages is the possible omission of routes that have not changed.
The remaining mechanisms, described in the next section, must be
applied to all updates.
2.5.2 Generating Response Messages
This section describes how a Response message is generated for a
particular directly-connected network:
The IPv6 source address must be a link-local address of the possible
addresses of the sending router's interface, except when replying to
a unicast Request Message from a port other than the RIPng port. In
the latter case, the source address must be a globaly valid address.
In the former case, it is important to use a link-local address
because the source address is put into routing tables (as the next
hop) in the routers which receive this Response. If an incorrect
source address is used, other routers may be unable to route
datagrams. Sometimes routers are set up with multiple IPv6 addresses
on a single physical interface. Normally, this means that several
logical IPv6 networks are being carried over one physical medium. It
is possible that a router may have multiple link-local addresses for
a single interface. In this case, the router must only originate a
single Response message with a source address of the designated
link-local address for a given interface. The choice of which link-
local address to use should only change when the current choice is no
longer valid. This is necessary because nodes receiving Response
messages use the source address to identify the sender. If multiple
packets from the same router contain different source addresses,
nodes will assume they come from different routers, leading to
undesirable behavior.
Set the version number to the current version of RIPng. The version
described in this document is version 1. Set the command to
Response. Set the bytes labeled "must be zero" to zero. Start
filling in RTEs. Recall that the maximum datagram size is limited by
the network's MTU. When there is no more space in the datagram, send
the current Response and start a new one.
To fill in the RTEs, examine each route in the routing table. Routes
to link-local addresses must never be included in an RTE. If a
triggered update is being generated, only entries whose route change
flags are set need be included. If, after Split Horizon processing,
the route should not be included, skip it. If the route is to be
included, then the destination prefix, prefix length, and metric are
put into the RTE. The route tag is filled in as defined in section
2.1. Routes must be included in the datagram even if their metrics
are infinite.
2.6 Split Horizon
Split Horizon is a algorithm for avoiding problems caused by
including routes in updates sent to the gateway from which they were
learned. The basic split horizon algorithm omits routes learned from
one neighbor in updates sent to that neighbor. In the case of a
broadcast network, all routes learned from any neighbor on that
network are omitted from updates sent on that network.
Split Horizon with Poisoned Reverse (more simply, Poison Reverse)
does include such routes in updates, but sets their metrics to
infinity. In effect, advertising the fact that there routes are not
reachable. This is the preferred method of operation; however,
implementations should provide a per-interface control allowing no
horizoning, split horizoning, and poisoned reverse to be selected.
For a theoretical discussion of Split Horizon and Poison Reverse, and
why they are needed, see section 2.1.1 of [1].
3. Control Functions
This section describes administrative controls. These are not part
of the protocol per se; however, experience with existing networks
suggests that they are important. Because they are not a necessary
part of the protocol, they are considered optional. However, it is
strongly recommend that at least some of them be included in every
implementation. These controls are intended primarily to allow RIPng
to be connected to networks whose routing may be unstable or subject
to errors. Here are some examples:
- It is sometimes desirable to restrict the routers from which
updates will be accepted, or to which updates will be sent. This
is usually done for administrative, routing policy reasons.
- A number of sites limit the set of networks that they allow in
Response messages. Organization A may have a connection to
organization B that they use for direct communication. For security
or performance reasons A may not be willing to give other
organizations access to that connection. In such a case, A should
not include B's networks in updates that A sends to third parties.
Here are some typical controls. Note, however, that the RIPng
protocol does not require these or any other controls.
- A neighbor list which allows the network administrator to be able
to define a list of neighbors for each router. A router would
accept response messages only from routers on its list of
neighbors. A similar list for target routers should also be
available to the administrator. By default, no restrictions are
defined.
- A filter for specific destinations would permit the network admin-
istrator to be able to specify a list of destination prefixes to
allow or disallow. The list would be associated with a particular
interface in the incoming and/or outgoing directions. Only allowed
networks would be mentioned in Response messages going out or
processed in Response messages coming in. If a list of allowed
prefixes is specified, all other prefixes are disallowed. If a list
of disallowed prefixes is specified, all other prefixes are
allowed. By default, no filters are applied.
4. Security Considerations
Since RIPng runs over IPv6, RIPng relies on the IP Authentication
Header (see [11]) and the IP Encapsulating Security Payload (see
[12]) to ensure integrity and authentication/confidentiality of
routing exchanges.
References
[1] Hedrick, C., "Routing Information Protocol", RFC 1058, Rutgers
University, June 1988.
[2] Malkin, G., "RIP Version 2 - Carrying Additional Information",
RFC 1723, Xylogics, Inc., November, 1994.
[3] Hinden, R., "IP Next Generation Overview",
Work in Progress.
[4] Bellman, R., "Dynamic Programming", Princeton University
Press, Princeton, N.J., 1957.
[5] Bertsekas, D. P., and Gallaher, R. G., "Data Networks", Prentice-
Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1987.
[6] Braden, R., and J. Postel, "Requirements for Internet Gateways",
USC/Information Sciences Institute, STD 4, RFC 1009, June 1987.
[7] Boggs, D. R., Shoch, J. F., Taft, E. A., and Metcalfe, R. M.,
"Pup: An Internetwork Architecture", IEEE Transactions on Commu-
nications, April 1980.
[8] Ford, L. R. Jr., and Fulkerson, D. R., "Flows in Networks",
Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1962.
[9] Xerox Corp., "Internet Transport Protocols", Xerox System Inte-
gration Standard XSIS 028112, December 1981.
[10] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., and W. Simpson, "Neighbor Discovery
for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 1970, August 1996.
[11] Atkinson, R., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 1826
Naval Research Laboratory, August 1995.
[12] Atkinson, R., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
RFC 1827, Naval Research Laboratory, August 1995.
[13] Floyd, S., and Jacobson, V., "The Synchronization of Periodic
Routing Messages", Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM '93, September
1993.
Authors' Addresses
Gary Scott Malkin
Xylogics, Inc.
53 Third Avenue
Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: (617) 272-8140
EMail: gmalkin@Xylogics.COM
Robert E. Minnear
Ipsilon Networks, Inc.
2191 E. Bayshore Road, Suite 100
Palo Alto, CA 94303
Phone: (415) 846-4614
EMail: minnear@ipsilon.com